Stay away from Z group stocks
The key criteria for selecting stocks for investment should be the quality of management and its adherence to corporate governance. What is the point in investing in companies that do not even bother to send annual reports to their shareholders?
Stock exchanges use various provisions in the listing agreement to regulate companies’ corporate governance practices. Stocks that fail to comply with the various provisions of the listing agreement are clubbed under various categories. The
Stocks that have not complied with or breached provisions of the listing agreement of the BSE are pushed into the Z group. Those stocks witnessing lot of volatility, suspicious trading pattern and high speculative interests are shifted to the trade-to-trade category.
The Z category was introduced by the BSE in July 1999. The governing board of the BSE came out with important amendments to the criteria for shifting stocks to the Z group in January 2002. The guidelines specify seven parameters for shifting stocks to the Z category. The exchange considers any three of the seven parameters of non-compliance for shifting a company to the Z group. The seven criteria are as follows:
Required notice of book closure and record dates (Listing Clause 15 & 16).
Yearly submission of annual reports (Listing Clause 31(1)(a)).
Quarterly submission of shareholding pattern (Listing Clause 35).
Payment of annual listing fees (Listing Clause 38).
Publication of audited / unaudited results on a quarterly basis (Listing Clause 41).
Redressal of investors’ complaints such as share transfers (Listing Clause 3, 12, 21).
Implementation of corporate governance, if applicable (Listing Clause 49).
Additionally, the exchange may shift certain companies to the Z group based on its discretion: companies that are fundamentally weak in terms of net worth, sales, market capitalization and profitability. Those companies that fail to make dematerialisation (demat) arrangement with both the depositories — Central Depository Services (CDSL) and National Security Depository (NSDL) — are also shifted to the Z group. However, as and when the company makes demat arrangements, the stock is shifted back to the original group after three months from compliance.
Companies in the Z group are reviewed on a quarterly basis by the governing board or the listing committee of the stock exchange. Besides, the surveillance department of the exchange has discretionary powers to add or remove companies from the Z group based on its own investigation or complaints filed by investors or any kind of suspicious trading pattern. The Investors’ Service Cell also has the powers to add or remove companies from the Z group. Not only this, the exchange can take into consideration any punitive actions taken by any regulatory authority against a company as basis for shifting the stock to the Z category.
How are investors affected when a stock is shifted to the Z or trade-to-trade category? First, such companies do not follow basic minimal corporate governance norms. Many of these companies do not even bother to submit annual report or shareholding pattern regularly. They may not even pay attention to investors’ complaints as regards to share transfer. Investing in such companies simply means buying a worthless piece of paper.
In the Z or trade-to-trade segment, selling or buying results in giving or taking delivery of shares at the ‘gross level’. Gross level means no intra-day netting off or squaring off is permitted. Thus, no investor can indulge in intra-day trading in such stocks. For instance, an investor buys 100 shares of stock ABC, shifted to either the Z or the trade-to-trade category, and further sells another 100 shares in the same trading session. End of the day, his purchase and sales would not be netted. The investor would need to give delivery of 100 shares against his sale transaction and would also need to pay for the purchase of 100 shares.
As a result, the price discovery mechanism of stocks shifted to the ‘Z’ group or trade-to-trade category is poor as volatility is high. The investor could find some of the stocks hitting upper circuit continuously for many days and, subsequently, may tumble down in a matter of a few trading sessions. No wonder the BSE specifies higher margin for trading in such stocks. Hence, institutional investors like mutual funds, insurance companies, and foreign institutional investors stay clear of such stocks. Thus, these stocks lack liquidity.
This is also reflected in trading activity. The average turnover of the Z group stocks is less than 1% compared with the overall turnover of the BSE. On 30 March 2007, the combined turnover of the Z and the trade-to-trade categories stood at a minuscule 0.52%. Though there are more than 7,500 listed companies, only around 2,600 stocks are actively traded, while the balance are in the Z group or illiquid or suspended from trading.
One of the obvious strategies for investors is to stay away from stocks belonging to the Z or trade-to-trade group. More importantly, investors should not fall prey to penny stocks. Penny stocks trade below their face or par value. Even the exchange’s trading terminal displays a pop-up caution message when an order for a stock in the Z or the trade-to-trade group is entered.
